T32n1640_提婆菩薩釋楞伽經中外道小乘涅槃論
大正藏第 32 冊 No. 1640 提婆菩薩釋楞伽經中外道小乘涅槃論
No. 1640
提婆菩薩釋楞伽經中外道小乘涅槃論
提波菩薩造
後魏北印度三藏菩提流支譯
問曰。何者外道所謂涅槃。
答曰。外道所說涅槃有二十種。是諸外道等虛妄分別。如是等因能生六道。如來為遮是等邪見故說涅槃因果正義。何等二十。一者小乘外道論師。二者方論師。三者風論師。四者違陀論師。五者伊賒那論師。六者裸形外道論師。七者毗世師論師。八者苦行論師。九者女人眷屬論師。十者行苦行論師。十一者凈眼論師。十二者摩陀羅論師。十三者尼犍子論師。十四者僧佉論師。十五者摩醯首羅論師。十六者無因論師。十七者時論師。十八者服水論師。十九者口力論師。二十者本生安荼論師。
問曰。何者外道說諸受陰盡如燈火滅種壞風止名涅槃。答曰。第一小乘外道論師說。
問曰。何等外道說方名涅槃。答曰。第二外道方論師說。最初生諸方。從諸方生世間人。從人生天地。天地滅沒還入彼處名為涅槃。是故方論師說方是常名涅槃因。
問曰。何等外道說風為涅槃因。答曰。第三外道風仙論師說。風能生長命物能殺命物。風造萬物能壞萬物。名
【現代漢語翻譯】 現代漢語譯本 提婆菩薩釋《楞伽經》中外道小乘涅槃論
提婆菩薩 造 後魏北印度三藏菩提流支 譯
問：什麼樣的涅槃是外道所說的涅槃？
答：外道所說的涅槃有二十種。這些外道等都是虛妄分別。像這些因能生六道。如來爲了遮止這些邪見，所以說了涅槃的因果正義。哪二十種呢？一是小乘外道論師，二是方論師，三是風論師，四是違陀（Veda，吠陀）論師，五是伊賒那（Ishana，自在天）論師，六是裸形外道論師，七是毗世師（Vaisheshika，勝論）論師，八是苦行論師，九是女人眷屬論師，十是行苦行論師，十一是凈眼論師，十二是摩陀羅（Matara，母神）論師，十三是尼犍子（Nigantha，耆那教）論師，十四是僧佉（Samkhya，數論）論師，十五是摩醯首羅（Maheshvara，大自在天）論師，十六是無因論師，十七是時論師，十八是服水論師，十九是口力論師，二十是本生安荼（Andha， অন্ধ， 盲）論師。
問：什麼樣的外道說諸受陰滅盡，就像燈火熄滅，種子壞爛，風停止一樣，叫做涅槃？ 答：第一種小乘外道論師這樣說。
問：什麼樣的外道說方（空間）是涅槃？ 答：第二種外道方論師這樣說。最初產生諸方，從諸方產生世間人，從人產生天地。天地滅沒後還入彼處，叫做涅槃。所以方論師說方是常，是涅槃的因。
問：什麼樣的外道說風是涅槃的因？ 答：第三種外道風仙論師這樣說。風能生長命物，能殺死命物。風創造萬物，能破壞萬物。
【English Translation】 English version Treatise on Nirvana According to Heretical and Hinayana Schools in the Lankavatara Sutra, Explained by Bodhisattva Deva
Composed by Bodhisattva Deva Translated by Tripitaka Bodhiruchi from Northern India of the Later Wei Dynasty
Question: What kind of Nirvana is described by the heretics?
Answer: The Nirvana described by the heretics is of twenty kinds. These heretics and others engage in false discriminations. Such causes can generate the six realms of existence. The Tathagata, in order to prevent these heretical views, explained the correct meaning of the causes and effects of Nirvana. What are the twenty? First, the Hinayana heretical theorists; second, the space theorists; third, the wind theorists; fourth, the Veda (違陀) theorists; fifth, the Ishana (伊賒那) theorists; sixth, the naked ascetic heretical theorists; seventh, the Vaisheshika (毗世師) theorists; eighth, the ascetic theorists; ninth, the women and retinue theorists; tenth, the practitioners of asceticism theorists; eleventh, the pure eye theorists; twelfth, the Matara (摩陀羅) theorists; thirteenth, the Nigantha (尼犍子) theorists; fourteenth, the Samkhya (僧佉) theorists; fifteenth, the Maheshvara (摩醯首羅) theorists; sixteenth, the causeless theorists; seventeenth, the time theorists; eighteenth, the water-drinking theorists; nineteenth, the oral power theorists; twentieth, the Andha (安荼) by birth theorists.
Question: What kind of heretics say that the exhaustion of all skandhas of sensation, like the extinguishing of a lamp, the decay of a seed, and the cessation of wind, is called Nirvana? Answer: The first kind, the Hinayana heretical theorists, say this.
Question: What kind of heretics say that space is Nirvana? Answer: The second kind, the space theorists, say this. Initially, all directions are produced; from all directions, the people of the world are produced; from people, heaven and earth are produced. When heaven and earth are destroyed, they return to that place, which is called Nirvana. Therefore, the space theorists say that space is constant and is the cause of Nirvana.
Question: What kind of heretics say that wind is the cause of Nirvana? Answer: The third kind, the wind-immortal theorists, say this. Wind can grow living beings, and wind can kill living beings. Wind creates all things and can destroy all things.
風為涅槃。是故風仙論師說風為常是涅槃因。
問曰。何等外道說梵天是涅槃因。答曰。第四外道圍陀論師說。從那羅延天臍中生大蓮華。從蓮華生梵天祖公。彼梵天作一切命。無命物從梵天口中生。婆羅門兩臂中生。剎利兩髀中生。毗舍從兩腳跟生。首陀一切大地。是修福德戒場生一切華草。以為供養。化作山野禽獸人中豬羊驢馬等。于界場中殺害供養梵天。得生彼處名涅槃。是故違陀論師說梵天名常是涅槃因。
問曰。何等外道說不見分別見常無常是涅槃。答曰。第五外道伊賒那論師眷屬作如是說。伊賒那論師尊者形相不可見遍一切處。以無形相而能生諸有命無命一切萬物。名為涅槃。是故伊賒那論師眷屬作如是說。伊賒那是常名涅槃因。
問曰。何等外道。分別見種種異相名涅槃。答曰。第六裸形外道論師說。
問曰。何等外道說見一切法自相同相名涅槃。答曰。第七外道毗世師論師作如是說。謂地水火風虛空微塵物功德業勝等十種法常故。和合而生一切世間知無知物。從二微塵次第生一切法。無彼者無和合者。無和合者即是離散。散者即是涅槃。是故毗世師論師說。微塵是常能生一切物。是涅槃因。
問曰。何等外道說身盡福德盡名為涅槃。答曰。第八苦行論師說。
問曰。何等外道說自性人命轉變名涅槃。
答曰。第九外道女人眷屬論師說。摩醯首羅作八女人。一名阿提𠊷。二名提𠊷。三名蘇羅婆。四名毗那多。五名迦毗羅。六名摩㝹。七名伊羅。八名歌頭。阿提𠊷生諸天。提𠊷作阿修羅。蘇羅婆生諸龍。毗那多生諸鳥。迦毗羅生四足。摩㝹生人。伊羅生一切穀子。歌頭生一切蛇蝎蚊虻蠅蚤蚰蜒百足等。如是知者名為涅槃。是故女人眷屬論師說。女人是常名涅槃因。
問曰。何等外道說罪福盡德亦盡故名涅槃。
答曰。第十外道行苦行論師說。
問曰。何等外道說煩惱盡故依智名涅槃。
答曰。第十一外道凈眼論師作如是說。
問曰。何等外道說見自在天造作眾生名涅槃。
答曰。第十二外道摩陀羅論師言。那羅延論師說。我造一切物。我於一切眾生中最勝。我生一切世間有命無命物。我是一切山中大須彌山王。我是一切水中大海。我是一切藥中谷。我是一切仙人中迦毗羅牟尼。若人至心以水草華果供養我。我不失彼人。彼人不失我。摩陀羅論師說。那羅延論師言。一切物從我作生。還沒彼處名為涅槃。是故名常。是涅槃因。
問曰。何等外道說眾生遞共因生名涅槃。
答曰。第十三外道尼犍子論師作如是說。初生一
【現代漢語翻譯】 現代漢語譯本 問：哪些外道認為，自性、人命轉變就叫做涅槃（Nirvana）？ 答：第九種外道，女人眷屬論師說：摩醯首羅（Maheshvara，大自在天）創造了八個女人。第一個叫阿提𠊷（Atik），第二個叫提𠊷（Tik），第三個叫蘇羅婆（Surobha），第四個叫毗那多（Vinata），第五個叫迦毗羅（Kapila），第六個叫摩㝹（Manu），第七個叫伊羅（Ila），第八個叫歌頭（Kadru）。阿提𠊷生了諸天，提𠊷創造了阿修羅（Asura），蘇羅婆生了諸龍，毗那多生了諸鳥，迦毗羅生了四足動物，摩㝹生了人，伊羅生了一切穀物，歌頭生了一切蛇、蝎、蚊、虻、蠅、蚤、蚰蜒、百足等。像這樣瞭解的人就叫做涅槃。所以女人眷屬論師說，女人是常，是涅槃的原因。 問：哪些外道認為，罪和福都窮盡，德行也窮盡，就叫做涅槃？ 答：第十種外道，行苦行論師這樣認為。 問：哪些外道認為，煩惱窮盡，依靠智慧就叫做涅槃？ 答：第十一種外道，凈眼論師這樣說。 問：哪些外道認為，看見自在天（Ishvara）創造眾生就叫做涅槃？ 答：第十二種外道，摩陀羅（Madhara）論師說：那羅延（Narayana）論師說，『我創造一切事物。我在一切眾生中最為殊勝。我創造一切世間有生命和無生命的物體。我是一切山中的大須彌山王（Sumeru）。我是一切水中的大海。我是一切藥物中的穀物。我是一切仙人中的迦毗羅牟尼（Kapila Muni）。如果有人至誠地用水、草、花、果供養我，我不會捨棄這個人，這個人也不會捨棄我。』摩陀羅論師說：那羅延論師說，『一切事物從我這裡產生，最終又回到我這裡，這叫做涅槃。』所以說是常，是涅槃的原因。 問：哪些外道認為，眾生互相遞相為因產生，就叫做涅槃？ 答：第十三種外道，尼犍子（Nigantha）論師這樣說：最初產生一
【English Translation】 English version Question: Which heretics say that the transformation of self-nature and human life is called Nirvana? Answer: The ninth heretic, the Woman Retinue Philosopher, says: Maheshvara (the Great Lord) created eight women. The first is called Atik, the second is called Tik, the third is called Surobha, the fourth is called Vinata, the fifth is called Kapila, the sixth is called Manu, the seventh is called Ila, and the eighth is called Kadru. Atik gave birth to the Devas (gods), Tik created the Asuras (demons), Surobha gave birth to the Nagas (dragons), Vinata gave birth to the birds, Kapila gave birth to the quadrupeds, Manu gave birth to humans, Ila gave birth to all grains, and Kadru gave birth to all snakes, scorpions, mosquitoes, gadflies, flies, fleas, centipedes, millipedes, etc. Those who understand this are called Nirvana. Therefore, the Woman Retinue Philosopher says that woman is eternal and is the cause of Nirvana. Question: Which heretics say that the exhaustion of sins and merits, and also the exhaustion of virtues, is called Nirvana? Answer: The tenth heretic, the Ascetic Practice Philosopher, says this. Question: Which heretics say that the exhaustion of afflictions, relying on wisdom, is called Nirvana? Answer: The eleventh heretic, the Pure Eye Philosopher, says this. Question: Which heretics say that seeing Ishvara (the自在天, the自在天) creating sentient beings is called Nirvana? Answer: The twelfth heretic, the Madhara Philosopher, says: Narayana (那羅延) Philosopher says, 'I create all things. I am the most superior among all sentient beings. I create all living and non-living things in the world. I am the Great Sumeru (須彌山) Mountain King among all mountains. I am the Great Ocean among all waters. I am the grain among all medicines. I am Kapila Muni (迦毗羅牟尼) among all immortals. If someone sincerely offers me water, grass, flowers, and fruits, I will not abandon that person, and that person will not abandon me.' The Madhara Philosopher says: Narayana Philosopher says, 'All things arise from me and eventually return to me, this is called Nirvana.' Therefore, it is said to be eternal and is the cause of Nirvana. Question: Which heretics say that sentient beings arise from each other as causes, is called Nirvana? Answer: The thirteenth heretic, the Nigantha (尼犍子) Philosopher, says this: Initially, one arises.
男共一女。彼二和合能生一切有命無命等物。后時離散還沒彼處名為涅槃。是故尼犍子論師說。男女和合生一切物。名涅槃因。
問曰。何等外道說證諦道名涅槃因。
答曰。第十四外道僧佉論師說。二十五諦自性因生諸眾生是涅槃因。自性是常故從自性生大。從大生意。從意生智。從智生五分。從五分生五知根。從五知根生五業根。從五業根生五大。是故論中說。隨何等何等性修行二十五諦。如實知從自性生還入自效能離一切生死得涅槃。如是從自性生一切眾生。是故外道僧佉說。自性是常能生諸法。是涅槃因。
問曰。何等外道說有作所作而共和合名涅槃。
答曰。第十五外道摩醯首羅論師作如是說。果是那羅延所作。梵天是因。摩醯首羅一體三分。所謂梵天那羅延摩醯首羅。地是依處。地主是摩醯首羅天。於三界中所有一切命非命物。皆是摩醯首羅天生。摩醯首羅身者。虛空是頭。地是身。水是尿。山是糞。一切眾生是腹中蟲。風是命。火是暖。罪福是業。是八種是摩醯首羅身。自在天是生滅因。一切從自在天生。從自在天滅。名為涅槃。是故摩醯首羅論師說。自在天常生一切物。是涅槃因。
問曰。何等外道說一切物自然而生名涅槃。答曰。第十六外道無因論師作如是說。無
【現代漢語翻譯】 現代漢語譯本：一個男人和一個女人。他們兩個結合能夠產生一切有生命和無生命的物體。之後，當他們分離並返回到原來的地方時，這被稱為涅槃（Nirvana）。因此，尼犍子（Nigantha）論師說，男女結合產生一切事物，是涅槃的原因。
問：什麼樣的外道（Tirthika）說，證悟真諦的道路是涅槃的原因？
答：第十四種外道，僧佉（Samkhya）論師說，二十五諦（twenty-five Tattvas）的自性（Prakriti）是產生所有眾生的原因，是涅槃的原因。自性是永恒的，因此從自性產生大（Mahat），從大產生意（Ahamkara），從意產生智（Buddhi），從智產生五分（Tanmatras），從五分產生五知根（Jnana-indriyas），從五知根產生五業根（Karma-indriyas），從五業根產生五大（Mahabhutas）。因此，論中說，無論以何種方式修行二十五諦，如實地瞭解一切從自性產生，並返回到自性，就能脫離一切生死，獲得涅槃。一切眾生都是從自性產生的。因此，外道僧佉說，自性是永恒的，能夠產生一切法（Dharma），是涅槃的原因。
問：什麼樣的外道說，有作者和被作者共同結合是涅槃？
答：第十五種外道，摩醯首羅（Maheshvara）論師這樣說：果（Phala）是那羅延（Narayana）所作，梵天（Brahma）是因（Hetu）。摩醯首羅是一體三分，即梵天、那羅延和摩醯首羅。地（Prithvi）是依靠之處，地主是摩醯首羅天。在三界（Triloka）中，所有一切有生命和無生命的物體，都是摩醯首羅天所生。摩醯首羅的身是：虛空（Akasha）是頭，地是身，水（Ap）是尿，山（Parvata）是糞，一切眾生是腹中蟲，風（Vayu）是命，火（Agni）是暖，罪福是業。這八種是摩醯首羅的身。自在天（Ishvara）是生滅的原因。一切從自在天生，從自在天滅，這被稱為涅槃。因此，摩醯首羅論師說，自在天是永恒的，產生一切事物，是涅槃的原因。
問：什麼樣的外道說，一切事物自然而生是涅槃？ 答：第十六種外道，無因論師這樣說：無
【English Translation】 English version: A man and a woman. The union of these two can produce all things, animate and inanimate. Later, when they separate and return to their original place, this is called Nirvana. Therefore, the Nigantha (Nigantha - a Jain ascetic) teachers say that the union of man and woman produces all things and is the cause of Nirvana.
Question: Which Tirthika (Tirthika - a generic term for non-Buddhist ascetics) says that the path of realizing the truth is the cause of Nirvana?
Answer: The fourteenth Tirthika, the Samkhya (Samkhya - one of the six major schools of Hindu philosophy) teachers, say that Prakriti (Prakriti - primordial substance), the self-nature of the twenty-five Tattvas (Tattvas - principles or elements of reality), is the cause of the production of all beings and is the cause of Nirvana. Prakriti is eternal, therefore from Prakriti is produced Mahat (Mahat - the great principle), from Mahat is produced Ahamkara (Ahamkara - ego or self-consciousness), from Ahamkara is produced Buddhi (Buddhi - intellect or reason), from Buddhi are produced the five Tanmatras (Tanmatras - subtle elements), from the five Tanmatras are produced the five Jnana-indriyas (Jnana-indriyas - sense organs), from the five Jnana-indriyas are produced the five Karma-indriyas (Karma-indriyas - organs of action), from the five Karma-indriyas are produced the five Mahabhutas (Mahabhutas - gross elements). Therefore, it is said in the treatise that whichever way one practices the twenty-five Tattvas, truly knowing that everything arises from Prakriti and returns to Prakriti, one can be liberated from all birth and death and attain Nirvana. All beings arise from Prakriti. Therefore, the Samkhya Tirthikas say that Prakriti is eternal, able to produce all Dharmas (Dharmas - phenomena or elements of existence), and is the cause of Nirvana.
Question: Which Tirthika says that the joint union of the agent and the object is Nirvana?
Answer: The fifteenth Tirthika, the Maheshvara (Maheshvara - a name for Shiva) teachers, say this: the fruit (Phala) is made by Narayana (Narayana - a name for Vishnu), and Brahma (Brahma - the creator god) is the cause (Hetu). Maheshvara is one entity with three aspects, namely Brahma, Narayana, and Maheshvara. The earth (Prithvi) is the place of reliance, and the lord of the earth is the Maheshvara Deva. In the three realms (Triloka), all things, animate and inanimate, are born from Maheshvara Deva. The body of Maheshvara is: space (Akasha) is the head, earth is the body, water (Ap) is urine, mountains (Parvata) are feces, all beings are worms in the belly, wind (Vayu) is life, fire (Agni) is warmth, and sin and merit are karma. These eight are the body of Maheshvara. Ishvara (Ishvara - the supreme lord) is the cause of birth and death. Everything is born from Ishvara and ceases from Ishvara, and this is called Nirvana. Therefore, the Maheshvara teachers say that Ishvara is eternal, producing all things, and is the cause of Nirvana.
Question: Which Tirthika says that all things arise naturally and this is Nirvana? Answer: The sixteenth Tirthika, the Ahetuvada (Ahetuvada - the doctrine of no cause) teachers, say this: No
因無緣生一切物。無染因無凈因。我論中說。如棘刺針無人作。孔雀等種種畫色皆無人作。自然而有不從因生名為涅槃。是故無因論師說。自然是常生一切物。是涅槃因。
問曰。何等外道說諸物皆是時作名涅槃。
答曰。第十七外道時散論師作如是說時熟一切大。時作一切物。時散一切物。是故我論中說。如被百箭射時不到不死。時到則小草觸即死。一切物時生。一切物時熟。一切物時滅。時不可過。是故時論師說。時是常生一切物。名涅槃因。
問曰。何等外道說見有物名涅槃。
答曰。第十八外道服水論師作如是說。水是萬物根本。水能生天地。生有命無命一切物。下至阿鼻地獄上至阿迦尼吒天。皆水為主。水能生物。水能壞物。名為涅槃。是故外道服水論師說。水是常名涅槃因。
問曰。何等外道說見無物名涅槃因。答曰。第十九外道口力論師說。虛空是萬物因。最初生虛空。從虛空生風。從風生火。從火生暖。暖生水。水即凍凌堅作地。從地生種種藥草。從種種藥草生五穀。從五穀生命。是故我論中說。命者是食后時還沒。虛空名涅槃。是故外道口力論師說。虛空是常。名涅槃因。
問曰。何等外道說見有無物是涅槃因。
答曰。第二十外道本生安荼論師說。
【現代漢語翻譯】 現代漢語譯本：因為沒有產生一切事物的『緣』（hetu，原因），沒有染污的『因』（hetu，原因），也沒有清凈的『因』（hetu，原因）。我的理論中說，就像荊棘上的刺不是人制造的，孔雀等各種各樣的彩色圖案都不是人制造的，自然而有，不從『因』（hetu，原因）產生，這叫做『涅槃』（Nirvana，解脫）。所以，無因論師說，自然是永恒的，產生一切事物，是『涅槃』（Nirvana，解脫）的『因』（hetu，原因）。
問：什麼樣的外道說一切事物都是時間製造的，這叫做『涅槃』（Nirvana，解脫）？
答：第十七種外道，時間散論師，這樣說：時間成熟一切『大』（maha，要素），時間製造一切事物，時間消散一切事物。所以我的理論中說，就像被一百支箭射中，時間不到就不會死，時間到了，即使被小草碰到也會死。一切事物由時間產生，一切事物由時間成熟，一切事物由時間滅亡，時間不可超越。所以，時間論師說，時間是永恒的，產生一切事物，是『涅槃』（Nirvana，解脫）的『因』（hetu，原因）。
問：什麼樣的外道說看見有形之物就是『涅槃』（Nirvana，解脫）？
答：第十八種外道，服水論師，這樣說：水是萬物的根本，水能產生天地，產生有生命和無生命的一切事物，下至『阿鼻地獄』（Avici hell，無間地獄），上至『阿迦尼吒天』（Akanistha heaven，色界頂天），都以水為主。水能產生事物，水能毀滅事物，這叫做『涅槃』（Nirvana，解脫）。所以，外道服水論師說，水是永恒的，是『涅槃』（Nirvana，解脫）的『因』（hetu，原因）。
問：什麼樣的外道說看見無形之物就是『涅槃』（Nirvana，解脫）的『因』（hetu，原因）？
答：第十九種外道，口力論師說：虛空是萬物的『因』（hetu，原因）。最初產生虛空，從虛空產生風，從風產生火，從火產生暖，暖產生水，水凍結凝固成土地，從土地產生各種各樣的藥草，從各種各樣的藥草產生五穀，從五穀產生生命。所以我的理論中說，生命是飯後一時辰就消失的東西，虛空叫做『涅槃』（Nirvana，解脫）。所以，外道口力論師說，虛空是永恒的，是『涅槃』（Nirvana，解脫）的『因』（hetu，原因）。
問：什麼樣的外道說看見有和無之物是『涅槃』（Nirvana，解脫）的『因』（hetu，原因）？
答：第二十種外道，本生安荼論師說。
【English Translation】 English version: Because there is no 'hetu' (cause) for the arising of all things, no defiled 'hetu' (cause), and no pure 'hetu' (cause). In my theory, it is said that just as the thorns on a bramble are not made by anyone, and the various colored patterns of peacocks and the like are not made by anyone, they exist naturally, not arising from a 'hetu' (cause). This is called 'Nirvana' (liberation). Therefore, the proponents of causelessness say that nature is eternal, gives rise to all things, and is the 'hetu' (cause) of 'Nirvana' (liberation).
Question: What kind of non-Buddhist says that all things are made by time, and this is called 'Nirvana' (liberation)?
Answer: The seventeenth non-Buddhist, the Time-Scatterer, says this: Time ripens all 'mahas' (elements), time makes all things, and time scatters all things. Therefore, in my theory, it is said that just as one may not die even when shot by a hundred arrows if the time has not come, but one may die even from being touched by a small blade of grass when the time has come. All things arise from time, all things ripen from time, and all things perish from time. Time cannot be surpassed. Therefore, the proponents of time say that time is eternal, gives rise to all things, and is the 'hetu' (cause) of 'Nirvana' (liberation).
Question: What kind of non-Buddhist says that seeing tangible things is 'Nirvana' (liberation)?
Answer: The eighteenth non-Buddhist, the Water-Worshiper, says this: Water is the root of all things. Water can produce heaven and earth, and all things, both sentient and insentient. From the 'Avici hell' (uninterrupted hell) to the 'Akanistha heaven' (the highest heaven in the Realm of Form), water is the master. Water can produce things, and water can destroy things. This is called 'Nirvana' (liberation). Therefore, the non-Buddhist Water-Worshiper says that water is eternal and is the 'hetu' (cause) of 'Nirvana' (liberation).
Question: What kind of non-Buddhist says that seeing intangible things is the 'hetu' (cause) of 'Nirvana' (liberation)?
Answer: The nineteenth non-Buddhist, the Mouth-Power Proponent, says: Space is the 'hetu' (cause) of all things. First, space arises. From space, wind arises. From wind, fire arises. From fire, warmth arises. Warmth produces water. Water freezes and solidifies into earth. From earth, various medicinal herbs arise. From various medicinal herbs, the five grains arise. From the five grains, life arises. Therefore, in my theory, it is said that life is something that disappears one 'muhurta' (a unit of time) after eating. Space is called 'Nirvana' (liberation). Therefore, the non-Buddhist Mouth-Power Proponent says that space is eternal and is the 'hetu' (cause) of 'Nirvana' (liberation).
Question: What kind of non-Buddhist says that seeing both tangible and intangible things is the 'hetu' (cause) of 'Nirvana' (liberation)?
Answer: The twentieth non-Buddhist, the Original-Birth Andha Proponent, says:
本無日月星辰虛空及地。唯有大水。時大安荼生如雞子周匝金色時熟。破為二段。一段在上作天。一段在下作地。彼二中間生梵天名一切眾生祖公。作一切有命無命物。如是有命無命等物散沒。彼處名涅槃。是故外道安荼論師說。大安荼出生梵天是常。名涅槃因。
提婆菩薩釋楞伽經中外道小乘涅槃論
【現代漢語翻譯】 現代漢語譯本： 最初沒有日月星辰、虛空和大地，只有一片汪洋。當時，一個巨大的安荼（Aṇḍa，卵）誕生，形狀像雞蛋，周圍呈現金色，時機成熟后破裂為兩段。上面的一段形成了天，下面的一段形成了地。這兩段之間誕生了梵天（Brahmā），他被稱為一切眾生的祖先，創造了一切有生命和無生命的物體。這些有生命和無生命的物體最終消散於一處，那個地方被稱為涅槃（Nirvāṇa）。因此，外道安荼論師說，巨大的安荼生出了梵天，梵天是永恒的，是涅槃的原因。 提婆菩薩在《楞伽經》中對外道和小乘的涅槃理論進行了評述。
【English Translation】 English version: In the beginning, there were no sun, moon, stars, space, or earth; there was only a vast expanse of water. At that time, a great Aṇḍa (egg) was born, shaped like a chicken egg and golden all around. When the time was ripe, it broke into two parts. The upper part formed the heavens, and the lower part formed the earth. Between these two parts, Brahmā (the creator god) was born, known as the ancestor of all beings, who created all animate and inanimate objects. These animate and inanimate objects eventually dispersed and disappeared in a place called Nirvāṇa (liberation). Therefore, the heretical Aṇḍa philosophers say that the great Aṇḍa gave birth to Brahmā, who is eternal and the cause of Nirvāṇa. Deva Bodhisattva's commentary on the Nirvāṇa theories of heretics and the Hinayana in the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra.