T51n2086_北魏僧惠生使西域記
大正藏第 51 冊 No. 2086 北魏僧惠生使西域記
No. 2086
北魏僧惠生使西域記
魏神龜元年十一月冬。大后遣崇立寺比邱惠生與敦煌人宋云。向西域取經。凡得百七十部。皆是大乘妙典。初發京師。西行四十日。至赤嶺。即國之西疆也。山無草木。有鳥鼠。同穴。又西行二十日。至吐谷渾國。又西行三千五百里。至鄯善城。又西行千六百里。至且末城。有呂光代胡時所作佛菩薩像。又西行千三百七十五里。至末城。又西行二十二里。至捍𡡉城。有于闐供佛之塔。其旁小塔數千。縣幡萬計。又西行八百七十八里。至於闐國。有國王所造覆盆浮圖一軀。有辟支佛靴。於今不爛。于闐境東西三千里。
神龜二年七月二十九日。入朱駒波國。人民山居。不立屠殺。食自死肉。風俗語言。與于闐同。文學與婆羅門同。其國疆界。可五日行遍。八月入渴盤陀國界。西行六百里。登蔥嶺山。復西行三日。至缽孟城。三日至毒龍池。為昔盤陀王以婆羅門咒咒之。龍徙蔥嶺西。去此地二千餘里。自發蔥嶺步步漸高。如此四日。乃至嶺。依約中下。實天半矣。渴盤陀國。正在山頂。自蔥嶺已西。水皆西流入西海。世人云。是天地之中。九月中旬。入缽和國。高山深谷。險道如常。
【現代漢語翻譯】 現代漢語譯本 《大正藏》第51冊 No. 2086 北魏僧惠生使西域記
No. 2086
北魏僧惠生使西域記
魏神龜元年十一月冬，大後派遣崇立寺的比丘惠生與敦煌人宋云，向西域求取佛經，共取得一百七十部，都是大乘妙典。最初從京師出發，向西走了四十天，到達赤嶺，這裡是國家的西邊疆界。山上沒有草木，有鳥和老鼠同在一個洞穴里。又向西走了二十天，到達吐谷渾國。再向西走了三千五百里，到達鄯善城。又向西走了一千六百里，到達且末城，這裡有呂光（Lü Guang）取代胡人時所造的佛菩薩像。又向西走了一千三百七十五里，到達末城。又向西走了二十二里，到達捍𡡉城，這裡有于闐（Yutian）供奉佛的塔，塔旁有數千座小塔，懸掛著數萬條幡。又向西走了八百七十八里，到達于闐國，這裡有國王所建造的覆盆式佛塔一座，有辟支佛（Pratyekabuddha）的靴子，至今沒有腐爛。于闐國的疆域東西長三千里。
神龜二年七月二十九日，進入朱駒波國。這裡的人民居住在山中，不進行屠殺，食用自然死亡的動物的肉。風俗語言與于闐相同，文學與婆羅門（Brahman）相同。這個國家的疆界，大約五天可以走遍。八月進入渴盤陀（Gepantuo）國界，向西走了六百里，登上蔥嶺山。又向西走了三天，到達缽孟城。三天後到達毒龍池，這是過去盤陀王用婆羅門咒語詛咒的。龍遷移到蔥嶺以西，距離這裡二千多里。自從出發離開蔥嶺，一步步地逐漸升高，這樣走了四天，才到達山嶺，大約在中等偏下的位置，實際上已經到了天空的一半了。渴盤陀國，正位於山頂。自從蔥嶺以西，所有的水都向西流入西海。世人說，這裡是天地的中心。九月中旬，進入缽和國，高山深谷，險峻的道路和往常一樣。
【English Translation】 English version The Taisho Tripitaka, Volume 51, No. 2086, Record of the Western Regions by the Monk Hui Sheng of the Northern Wei Dynasty
No. 2086
Record of the Western Regions by the Monk Hui Sheng of the Northern Wei Dynasty
In the winter of the eleventh month of the first year of the Shengui era of the Wei Dynasty, the Empress Dowager sent the monk Hui Sheng of Chongli Temple and Song Yun of Dunhuang to the Western Regions to obtain scriptures. They obtained a total of one hundred and seventy volumes, all of which were wonderful Mahayana (Great Vehicle) scriptures. They initially departed from the capital and traveled west for forty days, arriving at Chi Ling (Red Ridge), which is the western border of the country. There are no plants or trees on the mountain, but there are birds and mice sharing the same burrow. They traveled west for another twenty days, arriving at the Tuyuhun Kingdom. They traveled west for another three thousand five hundred li, arriving at Shanshan City. They traveled west for another one thousand six hundred li, arriving at Qiemo City, where there are Buddha and Bodhisattva statues made during the time when Lü Guang replaced the Hu people. They traveled west for another one thousand three hundred and seventy-five li, arriving at Mo City. They traveled west for another twenty-two li, arriving at Hanrong City, where there is a pagoda in Yutian dedicated to the Buddha, with thousands of small pagodas beside it and tens of thousands of banners hanging. They traveled west for another eight hundred and seventy-eight li, arriving at the Kingdom of Yutian, where there is a stupa in the shape of an overturned bowl built by the king, and there are boots of a Pratyekabuddha that have not rotted to this day. The territory of Yutian extends three thousand li from east to west.
On the twenty-ninth day of the seventh month of the second year of the Shengui era, they entered the Kingdom of Zhujubo. The people here live in the mountains, do not engage in slaughter, and eat the meat of animals that have died naturally. The customs and language are the same as those of Yutian, and the literature is the same as that of the Brahmans. The borders of this country can be traversed in about five days. In the eighth month, they entered the borders of the Gepantuo Kingdom and traveled west for six hundred li, ascending the Pamir Mountains (Congling Mountains). They traveled west for another three days, arriving at Bamen City. After three days, they arrived at the Poison Dragon Pool, which was cursed by the former King of Gepantuo with a Brahman spell. The dragon migrated west of the Pamir Mountains, more than two thousand li away from here. Since departing from the Pamir Mountains, they gradually ascended step by step, and after four days, they reached the ridge, which was approximately in the middle to lower part, but in reality, it was already halfway to the sky. The Gepantuo Kingdom is located right on the top of the mountain. Since west of the Pamir Mountains, all the water flows westward into the Western Sea. People say that this is the center of heaven and earth. In mid-September, they entered the Kingdom of Bahe, with high mountains and deep valleys, and the dangerous roads were as usual.
因山為城。氈服窟居。人畜相依。風雪勁切。有大雪山。望若玉峰。
十月初旬入嚈噠國。居無城郭。隨逐水草。不識文字。年無盈𨳝。周十二月為一歲。受諸國貢獻。南至牒羅。北盡敕勒。東被于闐。西及波斯。四十餘國。皆來朝貢。最為強大。王帳週四十步。器用七寶。不信佛法。殺生血食。見魏使拜受詔書。去京師二萬餘里。十一月入波斯國。境土甚狹。七月行過。人居山谷。雪光耀日。十一月中旬入賒彌國。漸出蔥嶺。磽角危峻。人馬僅通。鐵鎖懸度。下不見底。十二月初旬入烏場國。北接蔥嶺。南連天竺。土氣和暖。原田膴膴。民物殷阜。國王菜食長齋。晨夜禮佛。日中以後。始治國事。鐘聲遍界。異花供養。聞魏使來。膜拜受詔。國中有如來曬衣履石之處。其餘佛跡。所至炳然每一佛跡。輒有寺塔履之。比丘戒行清苦。
至正光元年四月中旬入乾陀羅國。土地與烏場國相似。本名業波羅。為嚈噠所滅。遂立敕勒為王。國中人民。悉是婆羅門。為嚈噠□典。而國王好殺。不信佛法。與罽賓爭境。連年戰鬥。師老民怨。坐受詔書。兇慢無禮。送使一寺。供給甚薄。西行至新頭大河。復西行十三日。至佛沙伏城。城郭端直。林泉茂盛。土饒珍寶。風俗淳善。名僧德泉道行高奇。石像莊嚴。通身金箔
【現代漢語翻譯】 現代漢語譯本 因山為城：依山勢而建城池。 氈服窟居：人們身穿毛氈衣服，居住在洞穴里。 人畜相依：人和牲畜相互依賴。 風雪勁切：風雪猛烈。 有大雪山：有一座巨大的雪山。 望若玉峰：遠遠望去像用玉石堆砌的山峰。
十月初旬入嚈噠國（Hephthalite Kingdom）：十月初進入嚈噠國。 居無城郭：沒有城郭居住。 隨逐水草：人們逐水草而居。 不識文字：不認識文字。 年無盈𨳝：年份沒有剩餘。 周十二月為一歲：以十二個月為一年。 受諸國貢獻：接受各國的進貢。 南至牒羅（Dieluo）：南方到達牒羅。 北盡敕勒（Chile）：北方到達敕勒。 東被于闐（Khotan）：東方到達于闐。 西及波斯（Persia）：西方到達波斯。 四十餘國：四十多個國家。 皆來朝貢：都來朝拜進貢。 最為強大：嚈噠國最為強大。 王帳週四十步：國王的帳篷周圍四十步。 器用七寶：器物用七寶裝飾。 不信佛法：不相信佛法。 殺生血食：以殺生為業，食用血肉。 見魏使拜受詔書：見到北魏的使者，拜受詔書。 去京師二萬餘里：距離北魏都城二萬多里。 十一月入波斯國（Persia）：十一月進入波斯國。 境土甚狹：國土非常狹小。 七月行過：七個月才能走完。 人居山谷：人們居住在山谷里。 雪光耀日：雪光照耀著太陽。 十一月中旬入賒彌國（Kashmir）：十一月中旬進入賒彌國。 漸出蔥嶺（Pamir Mountains）：逐漸走出蔥嶺。 磽角危峻：山勢險峻。 人馬僅通：人和馬勉強可以通過。 鐵鎖懸度：用鐵索懸掛著度過。 下不見底：向下看不到底。 十二月初旬入烏場國（Oddiyana）：十二月初進入烏場國。 北接蔥嶺：北部連線蔥嶺。 南連天竺（India）：南部連線天竺。 土氣和暖：氣候溫暖。 原田膴膴：田野肥沃。 民物殷阜：人民富足，物產豐富。 國王菜食長齋：國王吃素，長期齋戒。 晨夜禮佛：早晚禮拜佛。 日中以後：中午以後。 始治國事：才開始處理國家事務。 鐘聲遍界：鐘聲響徹各地。 異花供養：用奇異的花朵供養佛。 聞魏使來：聽說北魏的使者來了。 膜拜受詔：頂禮膜拜地接受詔書。 國有如來曬衣履石之處：國內有如來晾曬衣服和鞋子的石頭。 其餘佛跡：其餘的佛的遺蹟。 所至炳然：所到之處都很明顯。 每一佛跡：每一個佛的遺蹟。 輒有寺塔履之：都有寺廟和佛塔覆蓋著。 比丘戒行清苦：比丘們持戒修行，生活清苦。
至正光元年四月中旬入乾陀羅國（Gandhara）：到了正光元年四月中旬，進入乾陀羅國。 土地與烏場國相似：土地與烏場國相似。 本名業波羅（Yeboluo）：原名叫業波羅。 為嚈噠所滅：被嚈噠國所滅。 遂立敕勒為王：於是立敕勒人為王。 國中人民：國內的人民。 悉是婆羅門（Brahman）：都是婆羅門。 為嚈噠□典：為嚈噠人所管轄。 而國王好殺：而國王喜歡殺戮。 不信佛法：不相信佛法。 與罽賓（Kashmir）爭境：與罽賓國爭奪領土。 連年戰鬥：連年征戰。 師老民怨：士兵疲憊，百姓怨恨。 坐受詔書：坐著接受詔書。 兇慢無禮：兇狠傲慢，沒有禮貌。 送使一寺：把使者送到一座寺廟。 供給甚薄：供給非常簡薄。 西行至新頭大河：向西走到新頭大河。 復西行十三日：又向西走了十三天。 至佛沙伏城（Purushapura）：到達佛沙伏城。 城郭端直：城郭端正筆直。 林泉茂盛：樹林和泉水茂盛。 土饒珍寶：土地富饒，盛產珍寶。 風俗淳善：風俗淳樸善良。 名僧德泉道行高奇：有名的僧人德泉，道行高深奇特。 石像莊嚴：石像莊嚴。 通身金箔：全身貼滿金箔。
【English Translation】 English version Using mountains as city walls. Living in felt clothes and cave dwellings. Humans and livestock depend on each other. The wind and snow are strong and harsh. There is a great snow mountain. Looking like a jade peak from afar.
Entered the Hephthalite Kingdom in early October. Living without city walls, following water and grass. Not knowing how to read or write. No surplus years. Taking twelve months as one year. Receiving tributes from various countries. South to Dieluo. North to Chile. East to Khotan. West to Persia. More than forty countries all come to pay tribute. The most powerful. The king's tent is forty steps around. Utensils are made of seven treasures. Not believing in Buddhism, practicing killing and blood feasting. Seeing the Wei envoy, bowing and receiving the imperial edict. More than 20,000 li away from the capital. Entered Persia in November. The territory is very narrow, taking seven months to cross. People live in mountain valleys. The snow light shines on the sun. Entered Kashmir in mid-November. Gradually leaving the Pamir Mountains. The mountains are rugged and steep, barely passable for people and horses. Iron chains are suspended for crossing, with no bottom visible below. Entered Oddiyana in early December. North bordering the Pamir Mountains, south connected to India. The climate is mild, the fields are fertile, and the people are prosperous. The king eats vegetables and observes a long fast, worshiping the Buddha day and night. After noon, he begins to manage state affairs. The sound of bells echoes throughout the realm, with exotic flowers offered as offerings. Hearing of the arrival of the Wei envoy, he prostrates himself and receives the edict. There is a place in the country where the Tathagata dried his clothes and shoes on a stone. Other traces of the Buddha are clearly visible wherever they are found. Each trace of the Buddha has a temple and pagoda built over it. The Bhikkhus practice the precepts diligently and live a simple life.
Entered Gandhara in mid-April of the first year of Zheng Guang. The land is similar to Oddiyana. Originally named Yeboluo, it was destroyed by the Hephthalites. Therefore, a Chile person was established as king. The people in the country are all Brahmins, governed by the Hephthalites. The king is fond of killing and does not believe in Buddhism. Contending for territory with Kashmir, fighting for years, the soldiers are tired and the people resentful. Sitting to receive the imperial edict, he is fierce, arrogant, and impolite. Sending the envoy to a temple, the supplies are very meager. Traveling west to the great river of the Indus, then west for thirteen days to the city of Purushapura. The city walls are straight and upright, the forests and springs are lush, the land is rich in treasures, and the customs are simple and kind. The famous monk Dequan has high and extraordinary moral conduct. The stone statues are solemn, covered with gold leaf all over.
。有迦葉波佛跡。復西行一日。乘舟渡一深水。三百餘步。復西南行六十里。至乾陀羅城。有佛涅槃后二百年。國王迦尼迦所造雀離浮圖凡十二重。去地七百尺。基廣三百餘步。悉用文石為陛。塔內佛事。千變萬化。金盤晃朗。寶鐸和鳴。西域浮圖。最為第一。復西北行。渡一大水。至那迦邏國。有佛頂骨及佛手書梵字石塔銘。凡在烏場國二年。至正光二年還闕。
【現代漢語翻譯】 現代漢語譯本：有迦葉波佛（Kasyapa Buddha）的遺蹟。再向西走一天，乘船渡過一條深水，大約三百多步。然後向西南走六十里，到達乾陀羅城（Gandhara）。那裡有佛陀涅槃后兩百年，國王迦尼迦（Kanika）所建造的雀離浮圖，共有十二層，離地面七百尺，地基寬三百多步，全部用文石做臺階。塔內的佛事，千變萬化，金盤閃耀，寶鐸和諧鳴響，是西域所有浮圖中最為壯觀的。再向西北走，渡過一條大水，到達那迦邏國（Nagara）。那裡有佛頂骨以及佛手書寫的梵字石塔銘。我在烏場國（Uchang）總共待了兩年，于正光二年返回京城。
【English Translation】 English version: There are relics of Kasyapa Buddha (Kasyapa Buddha). Continuing west for a day, one crosses a deep river by boat, a distance of over three hundred paces. Then, traveling sixty li southwest, one arrives at the city of Gandhara (Gandhara). There stands the Stupa built by King Kanika (Kanika) two hundred years after the Buddha's Nirvana, called the 'Que Li' Stupa, with twelve stories, rising seven hundred feet above the ground, and a base of over three hundred paces wide. All the steps are made of patterned stone. The Buddhist ceremonies inside the stupa are infinitely varied, with golden platters gleaming and jeweled bells ringing harmoniously. It is the most magnificent of all stupas in the Western Regions. Continuing northwest, one crosses a large river to reach the country of Nagara (Nagara). There, one finds the Buddha's skull bone and a stone inscription in Sanskrit written by the Buddha's own hand. I stayed in the country of Uchang (Uchang) for a total of two years, returning to the capital in the second year of the Zheng Guang era.